Enlightenment and Constitution

Enlightenment and the Constitution The United States is a nation established in 1776 on a set of principles: liberty, equality, and self-government. These ideals derived in part from broad lessons of history, from the colonist, and treatises such as those of Locke and Rousseau. Liberty is a principle that individuals should be free to act and think as they choose, as long as their actions don’t infringe on the rights and freedoms of others. Equality is a notion that all individuals are equal and entitled to equal treatment under the law.Self-government is the principle that the people are the ultimate source and proper beneficiary of governing authority. These principles were the foundation for the United States set forth and written by our founding fathers, but taken from rulers and minds of Europeans during the Enlightenment period. The Enlightenment was an eighteenth- century intellectual movement whose proponents believed that human beings could apply a critical, reasoning spirit to every problem (Hunt, Lynn, Martin & Rosenwein, page 545).During this period the rulers, writers, and thinkers gave the back bone to the Declaration of Independence, the United States Constitution, and the Bill of Rights. Although before we get to this period and how it shaped the United States we will have to go back a little further to 1651. In 1651 an English philosopher Thomas Hobbes had his work Leviathan published. Hobbes argued that government rests on a social contract in which the people give up certain freedoms they would have in a state of nature in return for the protection that a sovereign ruler can provide.Almost a half of a century later, an English philosopher, John Locke, used Hobbes concept of social contract in his Second Treatise on Civil Government. Locke claimed that all individuals have certain inalienable rights, including those of life, liberty, and property. When people form a government for securing their safety, they retain these individual righ ts. However Locke saw the social contract a bit differently.The agreement to submit to governing authority is based on the premise that government will protect these rights, if the government fails to the people can overthrow the government and form a new one( Patterson,page 14-15, 30). Thomas Jefferson declared that Locke â€Å"was one of the three greatest men that ever lived. † Jefferson paraphrased Locke’s ideas in passages of the Declaration of Independence. Including those that, â€Å"all men are created equal,† that government derive â€Å"their just powers from the consent of the government,† and that â€Å"it is the right of the people to alter or abolish a tyrannical government. The Declaration was a call of revolution rather than a framework for government. However the ideas contained in the document: liverty, equality, individual rights, self-government became the basis for the Constitution of the United States (Patterson, page 30). In Voltai re’s, Treatise on Toleration and Jean Jacques Rousseau, Social Contract we find more Enlightenment thinkers ideas framed in the Constitution. The ideas the Constitution receives from these works are the basis for Amendment I, freedom of religion.Voltaire states in A Treatise on Tolertion,† Religion was instituted to make us happy in this life and in the other. † â€Å"Christians should tolerate each other. † â€Å"I, however, am going further: I say that we should regard all men as brothers, are we not all children of the same father and creatures of the same God? † Voltaire is setting the basis for freedom of religion, saying that the people must show Universal Tolerance for all. Rousseau takes it even further in The Social Contract.He states, â€Å"it is of importance to the State that each citizen should have a religion requiring his devotion to duty, however the dogmas of that religion are of no interest to the State. † Rousseau sets forth the idea that the government shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, as stated by the First Amendment of the Constitution. Finally Cesare Beccarria and Empress Catherine the Great both have an idea that resides in the Constitution. That idea is that all men are innocent until proven guilty.In Beccarria’s Crime and Punishment he states, â€Å"No man can be judged a criminal until he be found guilty: nor can society take from him the public protection until it have been proven that he has violated the conditions on which it was granted. Empress Catherine states in her Proposal for a New Legal Code in Russia, â€Å"No man ought to be looked upon as guilty, before he has received his judicial sentence; nor can the Laws deprive him of their protection when it is yet dubious, whether he is Innocent or Guilty?. The United States is a nation established in 1776 on a set of principles: liberty, equality, and self-governme nt. These ideals derived in part from broad lessons of history, from the colonist, and treatises from the Enlightenment Period. Men and women from Voltaire, Jean Jacques Rousseau, Cesare Beccarria, and Empress Catherine the Great have given ideas that our founding fathers saw and deemed worthy to be put in the United States Constitution. Thomas Jefferson himself based many ideas in the Declaration of Independence from concepts written by John Locke that became the basis for the Constitution of the United States.Where would the United States be without these enlightened minds from Europe? Works Cited Beccarria, Cesare, Crime and Punishment Catherine the Great, Proposal for a New Legal Code in Russia Hunt, Lynn, Thomas R. Martin and Barbara H. Rosenwein; The Making of the West Bedford/St. Matin’s, Boston, New York, 2009 Locke, John, Second Treatise Patterson, Thomas E. , The American Democracy, Mc Graw Hill, New York, NY, 2009 Rousseau, Jean Jacques, Social Contract Voltaire, T reatise on Toleration Europe?

Drama Monolouge

All my life I have had aspirations to become an ambitious and strong leader, I wanted to grow up and become the president of the United States of America. I had many dreams and hopes that would make the world I lived in a better place for the people of America. That was all changed because of one man, my father. He was very old fashioned, he wanted me to follow in his ‘footsteps' and have a ‘meagre' job as a farmer. I hated my father, he was a cruel man. He was a heavy drinker – a dire alcoholic. In the end my mother and I had enough of his attitude and problems; he used to become very abusive and violent towards us for the smallest of reasons so my mother and I left home when I was only ten years old. I never heard from him ever again from that day on. I received word that he died a lonely death just last year but I must say that even so I am happy that he was alone after all the suffering he caused on my mother and me. Even Now I hate reminiscing about my child hood, I grew up during the cold war, I despised the fact that I could have been blown to pieces at any moment by a Russian nuclear weapon. I loathed the fact that I could lose my friends and the only family member I had – my mother at any second. That's when it happened, my mother passed away. She committed suicide. She took an overdose of pills, and to think I was only fourteen when this occurred. That was the moment I had no one in my life. All my family was gone. My mother just could not handle life anymore. She was jobless and we had little income. I had to work after school in a little cafà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, clearing up the place just to earn enough money to feed us that night. I had to go to school and work at such a young age. Her life became unbearable then ‘click' (N.B *click your fingers during the performance) she was gone. That was I had the burden of deciding my future, I had the choice of going back to live with my father or to stay with a foster family that had been found for me to live with. I did not want to live with my father because he would oppress me again. I decided to live with a foster family. My foster father was a colonel in the army so he would always be away working with the government. My foster mother was always at home, she would always tell me amazing stories about her husband and how he was helping America. I appreciated the way she looked after me, and having a foster father who you could look up to and respect was for me truly inspirational. He was the father that my real father could not be. My foster parents encouraged me to follow my dream. I studied and excelled in my work so that one day I could live my dream as a reality and lead America in to a free and peaceful tomorrow. I have almost fulfilled that and can not begin to show my gratitude towards the people who raised me into what I am today. Through all of that though I will never forget my real mother. For her I will become the most patriotic man to walk America. Use of Movement For the opening of the monologue I am going to be positioned near to the corner of the room. I will slowly walk from the corner towards center stage at a diagonal. My facial expression should be firm and strong with a hint of vacancy. When delivering the opening I would inhale deeply so that my chest will push outwards. Facial expression should show some what pride and slightly joyful when speaking. Slowly walking towards the audience for the delivery of the second paragraph. Moving upstage in a straight line. Now with a slightly more grimace tone on my face. When speaking I would be using powerful arm gestures throughout the paragraph. The arm gestures are to be what seems to the audience random, jerky and fast. Ideally when mentioning the facts about my father I would use powerful arm movements. Now I should be walking backwards in a straight line but slowly while delivering this paragraph, I should return to the position at the centre of the stage where I delivered my opening from. My facial expression should be very strong and firm showing my anger but with a certain amount of fear and concern. Showing anger by frowning at this stage will affect the drama positively. Arm gestures should be made specifically on the phrases ‘blown to pieces' and ‘loathed'. When speaking I would be looking down slightly towards the floor. At centre stage before the performance I would have set up a chair specifically for this paragraph. With a bereaved expression, this paragraph is to be acted out while seated. Having my head in my hands would highlight the emotion with me taking my head out of my hands after each sentence and looking up at the audience. Now, for this section I would stand up for this paragraph. Positioned center stage, with smooth arm gestures moving outwards after every sentence. For the final section of this monologue, I would again come towards the audience in a straight line. Slowly getting closer with each word and using arm gestures such as clenching my fists throughout the paragraph with tense but sustained movements. Positioned upstage at the center where I would become noticeable to the audience. Then to end I would finish with a freeze with my hand placed over my heart, with a still and strong finish sustained. Use of Voice The prologue to the monologue should be started in a very proud and optimistic tone, with particular expression put on the adjectives such as ‘ambitious' and ‘strong'. The opening should be at a medium pace but at the same time calm and smooth whilst expressing a joyful opening. Now with the second section bathos – a change in tone should occur. With the emotional content in this part, the tone should change to sad. I would change my voice so it is in a hurried fashion. While sadness is shown at particular points when concentrating on the words ‘footsteps' and ‘meagre' sarcasm should be shown. The paragraph should be sharp and at a quite heavy and loud tone but maintaining the emotion at the same time. A protective tone of voice should be adopted when talking about your mother and yourself becoming subjects to violence. When mentioning that you were happy when your father passed away, a glimmer of hatred and evil would affect the piece positively. When speaking here a similar tone should be maintained as the previous section. Here concentrating on how your childhood had burdens. Subsequently expressing your self through exaggeration when talking about being blown to pieces b a nuclear bomb at any moment. With jealousy expressed when using the word ‘loathed'. This part of the monologue should be performed in a lethargic tone of voice. Speaking slowly with a twitchy voice after every few words or so. Contrasting the first paragraph drastically. Stressing on the points of your mother dying and having a job and school to consider, using deliberately pessimistic tone. With the humorous type of sarcasm when saying ‘click' then she was gone. Mood and tone are again contrasted from the last segment of the monologue. Tone should be a significant amount more formal and with signs of things becoming better for you. Fast pace but with optimistic tones present. Pace should be built up for the conclusion with it going from a slow opening to the end to a climactic finish. Contrast again to the last paragraph. Tones of self belief and strongly sustained. Pauses after every sentence should be invoked. A build up is required for a dramatic ending. Optimism and varied loudness should be used until the last line. A dramatic impact with the uses of the emotions of pride joy but a hint of sadness. A calm expression of voice near the beginning would aid the build up. With a use of a loud voice at the end of the passage to highlight the end. The ending should not be conflicted with any sarcasm because it would ruin the stage for a grand finish with all of your energy inputted into it. Impact on Audience With the opening I want to project the mood of pride and optimism. The audience should get the sensation of a meaningful and joyous introduction. It should engage the audience in to thinking whether the monologue will be †cheerful† or †gloomy† in the simplest of terms. The voice should convey a message that it is an optimistic opening and is filled with happiness. The issue that should raise a question and again make the audience think is where I enter from. Why did I enter from the corner of the room? The reason v=being it has a hidden meaning of despair about it – the despair being obvious later on during the performance. The contrast should stun the audience. With the sarcasm and cruelty with speech it should make the audience feel pathos for me. The movement towards the audience should show tension. I want to communicate the feelings of hatred and anger through my voice so the audience can see that their first possible impression was wrong. I want to show them the frustration that has been built up in me for years. I am projecting myself to show them that I am furious about the past. I want to convey and portray my fear. Again a slight contrast to the previous paragraph. Even though fear and jealousy are invoked, at this point I want to try and make the audience feel what I feel – all the tension and fear from the war. I could make the audience involved by particular messages and use of body language. The audience should feel my emotion and feel they have lost something when they hear my tragic story of losing my mother. I want to portray a grieving relative / family member, but show the variation with the slight sarcasm with the ‘click' section. This has a deeper meaning – the audience may realise certain sarcasm. The burden upon me of choice should reflect the previous paragraph; I want to communicate the idea that still life for me is all hardship. The final paragraph should show the audience that there is a light at the end of the tunnel. It shows the variation to them that can be seen throughout the piece. It should make them see that life is a virtue and that not everything is bad. Inspirational things can happen to anyone. The contrast is my method of acting out and showing to the audience a broader variety of emotions, language and movements. Belief and patriotism is another point I am trying to convey through the use of my language – this is shown when talking about my foster father and my dreams to turn America in to a peaceful country. The last line and sustained freeze would make a bold point by giving the piece a climactic finish and endeavour the audience to really see the provocative emotions used; in turn causing the audiences provoked reactions and mixed feelings to the piece. The object of my monologue was to convey many messages about voice, movement and dramatic performance in drama.

Bsa 375 Week 2 Dq Essay Example for Free (#375)

Bsa 375 Week 2 Dq Essay Week 2 DQ DQ1 1.How were the problems with the system missed? Problems were missed by failing to complete the SDLC. The application was developed based on information gathered from agents, but doesn’t seem that it was modified during the system implementation phase. 2.How might these problems have been foreseen and possibly avoided? The problem could have been foreseen and possibly avoided by creating use cases. Use cases will help develop detailed requirements along with expectations, and error handling. 3.In perfect hindsight, the widespread availability of such systems on the internet today, what should the company have done? The company should have taken some time to redesign or retool the application at the first sign of user displeasure. DQ2 1.What is the purpose of developing use cases during systems analysis? How do use cases relate to the requirements stated in the requirements definition? The purpose of developing use cases during system analysis is to help develop the practical requirements, and help understand exceptions, special cases and error handling requirements. Use cases will provide a comprehensive understanding of user interfaces. DQ3 1.A system development project may be approached in one of two ways: as a single, monolithic project in which all requirements are considered at once or as a series of smaller projects focusing on smaller sets of requirements. Which approach seems to be more successful? Why do you suppose that this is true? Be specific. You can answer from your experience or the reading in chapter 3 of this week’s materials. Bsa 375 Week 2 Dq. (2016, Mar 25). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

IOS Development Using Watchkit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

IOS Development Using Watchkit - Essay Example From this paper it is clear that in the mobile platform, a large market share is held by the iPhone; this being the reason behind interest in learning about iPhone development. The process of development entails an outline of how to establish the hardware for the applications. Setting of the software requirements and the final system requirements is also part of the process. Apple Inc. has made it easier for people who want to become developers with them. All a person needs is an account charged $99 annually, a mac computer, Xcode platform and a coding experience, such as the Swift and Objective-C coding languages. A developer page is availed that allows for download of the latest software and SDKs. The page also enables a certification for creation of profiles and groups and one has is free to manage the account and report any difficulty or bugs faced.As the study highlights  the apple Inc. created a modern programming language called swift. It is specifically developed to be more precise and flexible that the Objective-C. Swift has LLVM (Low Level Virtual Machine) compiler framework that utilizes the objective-C runtime allowing C, C++, Swift code and Objective-C to run in a single program. The flexibility of Swift is attributed to its capacity to support widespread late binding, dynamic dispatch and extensible programming.  The Swift programming language has several features that indicate some similarities to the Objective-C, though are easier and more flexible.

Team and Teamwork Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Team and Teamwork - Essay Example With the suggestions that teamwork increases business activities, there is no clear empirical support as to such evidence. However, according to managers and employees the effectiveness of teamwork is great (Allen & Hecht, 2004). There are numerous articles that state about the term team, which consists of two or more individuals, who are entitled to specific assignments and roles, and whose task is to perform interdependent tasks. However, being adaptable to numerous changes within the organization and outside it, they are able to follow and share a common goal. To work effectively together, team members should have specific knowledge, skills, and attitudes, such as the ability to monitor the performance of others, knowledge of own and teams responsibilities and a certain attitude toward being as part of a team. Such skills are crucial for teamwork. Moreover, according to the extensive research on teamwork showed that along with the skills necessary for the effective teamwork, there also should be a set of interrelated skills that assist performance of all the tasks of the organization. Teamwork differs from task work, for example, a surgical skill. However, teamwork and task work require teams to be effective in complex environments. In addition, knowledge and skill at the task are not enough in health care system for example. Teamwork depends on each team member’s ability to meet the needs of others, to be able to adjust to others actions and have a general realization of how a certain goal should be achieved (Baker,  Day &  Salas, 2006). It is also important to mention that skills are all individual acquisition of team members and can be opposed to team-level competencies. It means that team members bring personal skills to their teams engaging in the work. Competencies are not unique to the team.To bring up the positive and working environment within the team, there are many ways that leaders and team members can use to increase their contributi on. The first and the main factor are to have a responsible and effective leader of the task or the project. The person who is in charge should be not a micromanager and use its excessive power to dominate others. The ability to be tactful and to encourage others is important traits of the effective leader and should be a must. Such leader will be able to values each team member and everyone’s contribution to true consideration. There is also a need to invite a stakeholder in the task or a project because it will bring the team feeling of meaningfulness toward the people and sides engaged in the process. The other important factor for the team to work efficiently is to praise the team and its individuals as well. Every piece of work and every contribution should be appreciated and recognized in the form that each member would consider good for one. Some credit toward teamwork and its members will motivate people to more accomplishments.

General Information about Germany Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

General Information about Germany - Essay Example These developments and continued advancement of infrastructure have enormous impacts on the outlook of Germany as a nation, (Arther 23). Agriculture in Germany has attained extensive explosion in productivity in the past few years. Agricultural development has succeeded in producing increasingly effective while becoming increasingly ecologically compatible. Agricultural development has been due to technological advancement and utilization of state-of-art machine that needs a skilled and trained workforce, which has boosted agricultural production in many areas. Germany agriculture has attained a crucial aspect that enabled the use of new technological advances. Similarly, agriculture and forestry have achieved substantial success for Germany population wishing to work with biodiversity. In addition, new money banking corporations ate emerging in the energetic and crucial recycling of natural materials. Newly emerging rural fields are differentiated by various economic activities. For estry and agriculture is part of Germany economy, society, and environment and acts as indispensable associates to solve new global limitations (food security, protection of climate and reliable supplies of energy). Similarly, the Common Germany Agricultural Policy has gone through various reforms to react to changing economic needs and societal requirements and expectations. Today, the CAP benefits the Germany societies by promoting the production of secure and increased quality agricultural products and food, thus, supporting the sustenance of prosperous rural populations and providing incentives to protect farmers and the environment, (Frase 45). Similarly, Common Agricultural Policy faces some limitations like increasing globalization, increasing environmental challenges (availability of water, climate change and quality and loss of biodiversity), increased price volatility and issues of food insecurity.

Psych 1010 out of class activity 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Psych 1010 out of class activity 3 - Essay Example Normally, whenever I sit down, I usually tend to relax and slouch so that whenever I am tired, I have the tendency of lying down altogether. However, when I sit down to do a task I usually sit up straight with my shoulders up. Whenever I watch television or work in front of the computer, I typically sit on the couch or my bed with my legs crossed. On the other hand, walking for me is usually not too fast nor too slow but within the normal pace and I observed that whenever I walk, my toes are at an angle probably at 80-85 degrees. At a faster pace, whenever I am in a hurry, my toes tend to make a 90 degree angle with my heels. My free hand/s sway at an alternate manner with my feet loosely on my sides during a normal gait and tend to have longer sways when my strides are longer during a hurried walking movement. Altogether, my back is usually straight and my face focused forward so that most often, I am not able to notice the faces of those whom I meet. On the first day of my experime nt when I was sitting in front of the computer accessing my ‘facebook’ account in a relaxed mood, I observed that my shoulders were bent down. Looking at the pictures of my friends, I tended to sit up straight whenever I see images that amuse me or give me a happy feeling. Seeing the number of notifications, I got a mixed feeling of wondering who might have been making comments on my pictures and the excitement of knowing what my friends thought about them and this also kept my posture abreast. Being perked up and remembering to experiment on my emotions, I consciously bent down my shoulders and sought for my best pictures. My posture did have an effect on my mood, making me seem to have no interest in the pictures I was watching. There is this favorite picture of mine that really makes my day and when I came to it, my feelings lightened up making me smile and attempt a straight position but I intentionally kept my shoulders down and I noticed that in a few seconds, I l ost interest in looking at my picture and reading the comments. During the second day of my experiment, I was feeling quite gloomy. It was one of those days when one really seemed to have woke up on the wrong side of the bed so this caught an interest in me to see how one’s posture would really change one’s state of mind. I do not exercise but this morning I did a little stretching because simply straightening my back did not work as it seemed like a tough job to maintain a straight posture. I then stood up straightening and extending my clasped hands forward feeling my muscles stretch then made a bow position of my back while raising my clasped hands. Maintaining the position of my clasped hands, I bent to the right then to the left, feeling the little ache in my muscles and then I reached my clasped hands to the farthest it could go to my back, then I repeated the whole process three times. After which, I made three quick stretches on my shoulders, moving my arms for ward and then backward. I sat down and observed myself. There indeed was a change. I was feeling livelier and even almost unconsciously looked forward to what I was going to do during the day, stopping to think of the necessary things I have to accomplish and what other things I can do to make my day even better. In most part of the day, I tried to remember to take note of my actions and emotions and it did not turn out bad but actually, the stretch in the morning seemed to have worked a